AS has been said - you won't find one rod that will do it all - at least not one that's going to be much fun to fish with.
Chinook and steelhead are different fish - and we've got two different runs of each of those every year. Spring chinook and fall chinook, summer steelhead and winter steelhead. Spring chinook and winter steelhead are generally larger than their fall and summer counter parts. You could get a rod that does steelhead and fall chinook pretty well - but not perfect. 8'6" or longer medium power rod would do it - but if you want to bobber fish, a longer rod is a bit more advantageous.
For trout and panfish - I'd get an ultralight rod that's 7+ feet long, a small spinning reel and load it with 4lb line. You can fish trout, panfish, smallmouth, and some largemouth bass with this setup.
You could go heavier - and get a medium action rod rated for 6-10 lb line - but small trout and panfish aren't a lot of fun to catch with a heavier rod like that - at least for me. That's a great rod for bigger bass, bigger trout, and catfish though.
You can fish trout with bait, lures, or flies - just like any other fish. Most streams in Oregon have general regulations stating artificial lures and flies only - but there's plenty of them that allow bait also. There are a few waters in oregon that are fly only - but they are a minority. Spinners, spoons, jigs, and plugs will catch trout just as well as flies.
I would identify the fish or fishes you want to target the most - and start there with building your rod/tackle selection - then add to it as you get into fishing for other fish, or as cash allows. You can fish trout year round if you're willing to drive a little bit, or to hunt for the right spots. Same with just about any other fishing here.
Welcome to Oregon, and welcome to OFF.